کدام مقدرات با دعا تغییر نمی‌کنند؟

The Lord’s decrees that have been ratified are unalterable, because He Himself has willed that they not change. Ratification comes after divine determination. *Badāʾ* may apply to determination, but not to ratification!

Among the decrees of the Exalted Lord that no action and no prayer can change are “the divine way, the divine words, the divine promise, and the Lord’s appointed time.”
ٍ عَنْ مُعَلَّى بْنِ مُحَمَّدٍ قَالَ: سُئِلَ الْعَالِمُ ع كَيْفَ عِلْمُ اللَّهِ قَالَ عَلِمَ وَ شَاءَ وَ أَرَادَ وَ قَدَّرَ وَ قَضَى وَ أَمْضَى فَأَمْضَى مَا قَضَى وَ قَضَى مَا قَدَّرَ وَ قَدَّرَ مَا أَرَادَ فَبِعِلْمِهِ كَانَتِ الْمَشِيئَةُ وَ بِمَشِيئَتِهِ كَانَتِ الْإِرَادَةُ وَ بِإِرَادَتِهِ كَانَ التَّقْدِيرُ وَ بِتَقْدِيرِهِ كَانَ الْقَضَاءُ وَ بِقَضَائِهِ كَانَ الْإِمْضَاءُ وَ الْعِلْمُ مُتَقَدِّمٌ عَلَى الْمَشِيئَةِ وَ الْمَشِيئَةُ ثَانِيَةٌ وَ الْإِرَادَةُ ثَالِثَةٌ وَ التَّقْدِيرُ وَاقِعٌ عَلَى الْقَضَاءِ بِالْإِمْضَاءِ فَلِلَّهِ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى الْبَدَاءُ فِيمَا عَلِمَ مَتَى شَاءَ وَ فِيمَا أَرَادَ لِتَقْدِيرِ الْأَشْيَاءِ فَإِذَا وَقَعَ الْقَضَاءُ بِالْإِمْضَاءِ فَلَا بَدَاءَ فَالْعِلْمُ فِي الْمَعْلُومِ قَبْلَ كَوْنِهِ وَ الْمَشِيئَةُ فِي الْمُنْشَإِ قَبْلَ عَيْنِهِ وَ الْإِرَادَةُ فِي الْمُرَادِ قَبْلَ قِيَامِهِ وَ التَّقْدِيرُ لِهَذِهِ الْمَعْلُومَاتِ قَبْلَ تَفْصِيلِهَا وَ تَوْصِيلِهَا عِيَاناً وَ وَقْتاً وَ الْقَضَاءُ بِالْإِمْضَاءِ هُوَ الْمُبْرَمُ مِنَ الْمَفْعُولَاتِ ذَوَاتِ الْأَجْسَامِ الْمُدْرَكَاتِ بِالْحَوَاسِّ مِنْ ذَوِي لَوْنٍ وَ رِيحٍ وَ وَزْنٍ وَ كَيْلٍ وَ مَا دَبَّ وَ دَرَجَ مِنْ إِنْسٍ وَ جِنٍّ وَ طَيْرٍ وَ سِبَاعٍ وَ غَيْرِ ذَلِكَ مِمَّا يُدْرَكُ بِالْحَوَاسِّ فَلِلَّهِ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى فِيهِ الْبَدَاءُ مِمَّا لَا عَيْنَ لَهُ فَإِذَا وَقَعَ الْعَيْنُ الْمَفْهُومُ الْمُدْرَكُ فَلَا بَدَاءَ وَ اللَّهُ يَفْعَلُ ما يَشاءُ* فَبِالْعِلْمِ عَلِمَ الْأَشْيَاءَ قَبْلَ كَوْنِهَا وَ بِالْمَشِيئَةِ عَرَّفَ صِفَاتِهَا وَ حُدُودَهَا وَ أَنْشَأَهَا قَبْلَ إِظْهَارِهَا وَ بِالْإِرَادَةِ مَيَّزَ أَنْفُسَهَا فِي أَلْوَانِهَا وَ صِفَاتِهَا وَ بِالتَّقْدِيرِ قَدَّرَ أَقْوَاتَهَا وَ عَرَّفَ أَوَّلَهَا وَ آخِرَهَا وَ بِالْقَضَاءِ أَبَانَ لِلنَّاسِ أَمَاكِنَهَا وَ دَلَّهُمْ عَلَيْهَا وَ بِالْإِمْضَاءِ شَرَحَ عِلَلَهَا وَ أَبَانَ أَمْرَهَا وَ ذلِكَ تَقْدِيرُ الْعَزِيزِ الْعَلِيمِ*.
Al-Kāfī (Islamic edition), vol. 1, p. 148

It is narrated from Muʿallā ibn Muḥammad that he said: The Knower—the Infallible Imam—was asked, “What is God’s knowledge like?”

He replied: “He knew, willed, intended, determined, decreed, and ratified. He ratified what He had decreed, decreed what He had determined, and determined what He had intended. Thus, through His knowledge came His will; through His will, His intention; through His intention, determination; through His determination, decree; and through His decree, ratification.

“Knowledge precedes will; will is second, and intention third. Determination takes place before decree and ratification.

“Thus, God, Blessed and Exalted, may bring about *badāʾ* in what He knows, whenever He wills, and in what He has intended for the determination of things. But once decree and ratification have taken place, there is no *badāʾ*.

“Knowledge of what is known precedes its existence; will concerning what is brought into being precedes its actual existence; intention concerning what is intended precedes its coming to be; and the determination of these known things precedes their differentiation and their being joined together in concrete form and in time.

“Decree and ratification concern what has been definitively settled among the actions of corporeal beings perceived by the senses: things that have color, scent, weight, or measure, and all that walks or moves, whether human beings, jinn, birds, beasts of prey, or anything else perceived by the senses. In these matters, God, Blessed and Exalted, may bring about *badāʾ* before they take concrete form. But once the perceived and apprehended thing has come to be, there is no *badāʾ*. God does whatever He wills.

“Through His knowledge, He knew things before their existence; through His will, He identified their attributes and limits and brought them into being before they appeared; through His intention, He distinguished their individual essences by their colors and attributes; through His determination, He apportioned their sustenance and made known their beginning and end; through His decree, He made their places known to people and guided them to recognize them; and through His ratification, He explained their causes and made their affairs manifest. This is the determination of the Mighty, the All-Knowing.”

الأنعام : 34 وَ لَقَدْ كُذِّبَتْ رُسُلٌ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ فَصَبَرُوا عَلى‏ ما كُذِّبُوا وَ أُوذُوا حَتَّى أَتاهُمْ نَصْرُنا وَ لا مُبَدِّلَ لِكَلِماتِ اللَّهِ وَ لَقَدْ جاءَكَ مِنْ نَبَإِ الْمُرْسَلينَ
Messengers before you were also denied, but they endured rejection and stood firm through the persecution they suffered until Our help came to them. Nothing can alter the words of God. You have already heard the accounts of the messengers.

الأنعام : 115 وَ تَمَّتْ كَلِمَةُ رَبِّكَ صِدْقاً وَ عَدْلاً لا مُبَدِّلَ لِكَلِماتِهِ وَ هُوَ السَّميعُ الْعَليمُ
The word of your Lord has been fulfilled in truth and justice. No one can change His words, and He is the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing.

الكهف : 27 وَ اتْلُ ما أُوحِيَ إِلَيْكَ مِنْ كِتابِ رَبِّكَ لا مُبَدِّلَ لِكَلِماتِهِ وَ لَنْ تَجِدَ مِنْ دُونِهِ مُلْتَحَداً
Recite what has been revealed to you from the Book of your Lord. Nothing can change His words, and you will never find any refuge apart from Him.

الأحزاب : 62 سُنَّةَ اللَّهِ فِي الَّذينَ خَلَوْا مِنْ قَبْلُ وَ لَنْ تَجِدَ لِسُنَّةِ اللَّهِ تَبْديلاً
اين سنّت This has been God’s way among those who came before; you will never find any change in God’s way.

الفتح : 23 سُنَّةَ اللَّهِ الَّتي‏ قَدْ خَلَتْ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَ لَنْ تَجِدَ لِسُنَّةِ اللَّهِ تَبْديلاً
اين سنّت This has been God’s way from of old, and you will never find any change or alteration in God’s way.

الروم : 30 فَأَقِمْ وَجْهَكَ لِلدِّينِ حَنيفاً فِطْرَتَ اللَّهِ الَّتي‏ فَطَرَ النَّاسَ عَلَيْها لا تَبْديلَ لِخَلْقِ اللَّهِ ذلِكَ الدِّينُ الْقَيِّمُ وَ لكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لا يَعْلَمُونَ
So turn your face toward the pure faith of your Lord—the nature upon which God created humankind. There is no altering God’s creation. This is the upright religion, though most people do not know.

الأحزاب : 62 سُنَّةَ اللَّهِ فِي الَّذينَ خَلَوْا مِنْ قَبْلُ وَ لَنْ تَجِدَ لِسُنَّةِ اللَّهِ تَبْديلاً
اين سنّت This has been God’s way among those who came before; you will never find any change in God’s way.

البقرة : 80 وَ قالُوا لَنْ تَمَسَّنَا النَّارُ إِلاَّ أَيَّاماً مَعْدُودَةً قُلْ أَتَّخَذْتُمْ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ عَهْداً فَلَنْ يُخْلِفَ اللَّهُ عَهْدَهُ أَمْ تَقُولُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ ما لا تَعْلَمُونَ
They say, “The Fire will touch us only for a few days.” Say, “Have you received a promise from God? For God never breaks His promise—or are you attributing to God something you do not know?”

آل‏عمران : 9 رَبَّنا إِنَّكَ جامِعُ النَّاسِ لِيَوْمٍ لا رَيْبَ فيهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يُخْلِفُ الْميعادَ
“Our Lord, You will gather all people on a Day about which there is no doubt. Surely God never breaks His promise.” (We believe in You, in Your boundless mercy, and in Your promise of resurrection and the Last Day.)

الرعد : 31 وَ لَوْ أَنَّ قُرْآناً سُيِّرَتْ بِهِ الْجِبالُ أَوْ قُطِّعَتْ بِهِ الْأَرْضُ أَوْ كُلِّمَ بِهِ الْمَوْتى‏ بَلْ لِلَّهِ الْأَمْرُ جَميعاً أَ فَلَمْ يَيْأَسِ الَّذينَ آمَنُوا أَنْ لَوْ يَشاءُ اللَّهُ لَهَدَى النَّاسَ جَميعاً وَ لا يَزالُ الَّذينَ كَفَرُوا تُصيبُهُمْ بِما صَنَعُوا قارِعَةٌ أَوْ تَحُلُّ قَريباً مِنْ دارِهِمْ حَتَّى يَأْتِيَ وَعْدُ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لا يُخْلِفُ الْميعادَ
If the Qur’an could move mountains, split the earth apart, or make the dead speak, they still would not believe! Yet all affairs are in God’s hands. Do the believers not know that, if God so willed, He could guide all people by force? (But forced guidance is of no benefit.) Disasters will continue to strike the disbelievers because of their deeds, or descend near their homes, until God’s final promise comes to pass. Surely God never fails to keep His promise!

الحج : 47 وَ يَسْتَعْجِلُونَكَ بِالْعَذابِ وَ لَنْ يُخْلِفَ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ وَ إِنَّ يَوْماً عِنْدَ رَبِّكَ كَأَلْفِ سَنَةٍ مِمَّا تَعُدُّونَ

They ask you to hasten the punishment, but God will never fail to keep His promise. A day with your Lord is like a thousand years by your reckoning.

الروم : 6 وَعْدَ اللَّهِ لا يُخْلِفُ اللَّهُ وَعْدَهُ وَ لكِنَّ أَكْثَرَ النَّاسِ لا يَعْلَمُونَ
This is God’s promise, and God never fails to keep His promise, though most people do not know.

الزمر : 20 لكِنِ الَّذينَ اتَّقَوْا رَبَّهُمْ لَهُمْ غُرَفٌ مِنْ فَوْقِها غُرَفٌ مَبْنِيَّةٌ تَجْري مِنْ تَحْتِهَا الْأَنْهارُ وَعْدَ اللَّهِ لا يُخْلِفُ اللَّهُ الْميعادَ
But those who are mindful of God will have lofty chambers in Paradise, with other chambers built above them and rivers flowing beneath them. This is God’s promise, and God never fails to keep His promise.