Tawhid: Creating the Finite and the Infinite

🌼🔆🌼The Worship of Quantity🌼🔆🌼

🌹🔅☘️ بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحيمِ ☘️🔅🌹

🔅🌹 “The Polytheist Who Worships Existence”  “Misunderstanding Is Worse Than Ignorance”  “The Taste of Satan’s Mouth” “Commentary on Supplication 20 of al-Ṣaḥīfa al-Sajjādiyya”  “Session 234” and more … Summary with an addendum        1403.09.08    Ali Saei (Abdullah Meshkat) 110.141(903)  🌹🔅

🌸🔆☘️وَ عَمِّرْنِي مَا كَانَ عُمُرِي بِذْلَةً فِي طَاعَتِكَ، فَإِذَا كَانَ عُمُرِي مَرْتَعاً لِلشَّيْطَانِ فَاقْبِضْنِي إِلَيْكَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَسْبِقَ مَقْتُكَ إِلَيَّ، أَوْ يَسْتَحْكِمَ غَضَبُكَ عَلَي‏ ☘️ 🔆 🌸

🔅🌼A devotional reminder🌼🔅

🌹Every day, do at least one good deed purely for God’s sake. Make plans to do good; keep watch over yourself and take account of your actions. Ask Him to enable you to do good, and strive to seek it out. Regard doing good as a great divine blessing. Seek out the poor before they seek you out. Seek out the faithful and never fall short in serving them. Honor religious scholars to the utmost of your ability.

🌹Do not bargain with the Divine Names; rather, let the Divine Names be the means by which you lovingly commune with the Eternal Beloved.

🔅🌼Through worship filled with gnosis, make Satan despair of you🌼🔅

🔅🌼Misunderstanding religion is worse than irreligion🌼🔅

🌹Irreligion is better than false religion, and lack of understanding is better than misunderstanding; false religion is a scourge upon religion itself.

🌹A distorted understanding of religion is its affliction and its killer.

🌹One who misunderstands yet believes himself to understand is the most deeply misguided of all the uncomprehending.

🌹Until you descend from the accursed tree of ignorance, you cannot ascend the blessed tree of knowledge.

🌹An empty pack is better than one weighed down with ignorance: ignorance slows you down, while the burden of knowledge gives you wings. Let yourself be laden with knowledge. Whoever mistakes ignorance for knowledge will take a fall for flight.

🔅🌼Satan’s dark intelligence🌼🔅

🌹Satan is at the height of ignorant cunning; he has made use of all the capacities of ignorance and its forces. Only the clear intelligence of reason can overcome Satan’s dark cunning.

🌹Satan is no child, though he acts the child to draw human beings into childishness and immaturity. Satan has brought down giants; we must not imagine ourselves safe from his evil. In the end times, he will expend all his strength to destroy humanity.

🌹Satan’s nuclear energy for destroying humanity is now being activated in the end times. Beware of Satan’s nuclear deception; beware of his final arrow…

🔅🌼Satan’s mercilessness🌼🔅

🌹If Satan showed himself no mercy, will he show you any?!

🌹Satan turned against himself, destroyed himself, and extinguished his own virtues; he ruined his worship. So he will show no restraint in destroying human beings. Satan will take a terrible revenge on humanity; he has gone too far to turn back. Having deceived himself, Satan will never cease trying to deceive people.

🌹Satan loathes humanity and hates it. He has no mercy even on his own followers, let alone his enemies. He hates his obedient followers, let alone the faithful. Satan’s hatred will not be extinguished even by humanity’s destruction.

🌻🔆Al-Anfāl: 48   وَ إِذْ زَيَّنَ لَهُمُ الشَّيْطانُ أَعْمالَهُمْ وَ قالَ لا غالِبَ لَكُمُ الْيَوْمَ مِنَ النَّاسِ وَ إِنِّي جارٌ لَكُمْ فَلَمَّا تَراءَتِ الْفِئَتانِ نَكَصَ عَلى‏ عَقِبَيْهِ وَ قالَ إِنِّي بَري‏ءٌ مِنْكُمْ إِنِّي أَرى‏ ما لا تَرَوْنَ إِنِّي أَخافُ اللَّهَ وَ اللَّهُ شَديدُ الْعِقابِ

🔆And [remember] when Satan made their deeds seem fair to them [the polytheists], and said, “Today no one among the people can defeat you. I am your protector and ally!” But when the two forces—the unbelievers and the believers aided by the angels—stood face to face, he turned back and said, “I disown you, my friends and followers! I see what you do not see. I fear God; God is severe in punishment!”

🌹Satan is at the height of ruthlessness; he engineers painful murders for human beings—the saw is one example of this. He drives people to murder with patience, to torment the tortured and to destroy them.

🔅🌼 The smooth tongue of Satan 🌼🔅

🌹Satan often encourages sin in the language of preaching; in deceiving human beings he presents himself as a doer of good.

🌹Satan deceives human beings sometimes with leaping moves and sometimes with nanometre-sized moves.

🌹Satan’s infiltration takes various and ever-renewing forms; his infiltration is sometimes open and sometimes hidden.

🔅🌼 Do not become a tasty morsel for Satan’s mouth 🌼🔅

🌹Beware lest you become delicious to Satan’s mouth; one who makes himself prominent and exciting for a non-mahram becomes a morsel in Satan’s mouth.

🌹Spend yourself for God so that you are not spent for Satan.

🔅🌼 The unbeautiful are thieves of beauty 🌼🔅

🌹Where do these impure unbeautiful ones carry the beauty they have stolen, and where do they spend it?

🌹Beware lest the thieves of beauty, and song and singing, deceive us.

🔅🌼 Only one who knows polytheism knows monotheism 🌼🔅

🌹Let us become acquainted with knowledge and ignorance; let us be able to recognise monotheism and polytheism, for as long as we do not recognise polytheism, we may well mistake polytheism for monotheism.

🔅🌼 الهی اسئلک المعرفت 🌼🔅

🌹If we have no understanding of His knowledge, we still have the capacity to ask for it; so let us earnestly beseech God for knowledge of Him, and for knowledge of His teachings and His signs.

🌹Let us earnestly ask of Him what lies beyond all desires, the summit of beauty and the summit of knowledge.

🌹Let us earnestly ask of Him to reach the destination and the goal.

🌹Let us take refuge in God from misunderstanding! Let us cry out for help at the threshold of the One and the Unique against mistaking polytheism for monotheism.

🌹God Most High is not worshipped by the like of monotheistic knowledge, nor disobeyed by the like of polytheistic ignorance.

🌹Knowledge, forbearance and gnosis lie in the heart of the ark of the Qur’an and the Ahl al-Bayt; whoever boards a ship other than the Two Weighty Things is drowned.

🔅🌼 Let us beware of hidden ignorance 🌼🔅

🌹Partial understanding is worse than no understanding.

🌹Superficial understanding is a plague upon the life of knowledge and wisdom.

🌹”Understanding according to the letter” brings conceit.

🌹The polytheist is the most ignorant of the ignorant; he is afflicted with compound ignorance and the greatest of great calamities, “polytheistic ignorance.” Mistaking polytheism for monotheism is the blackest ignorance in the universe. Monotheism must reach the confirmation of one’s innate nature, and the confirmation of one’s innate nature is possible only through the system of the Two Weighty Things.

🔅🌼 Testing certainty 🌼🔅

🌹Let us document our beliefs; let us strive so that our beliefs may reach confirmation; the Two Weighty Things are the means and instruments of confirmation.

🌹Beliefs should not be presented to others until they are documented; a medicine should not be prescribed until its cure is certain.

🌹Beliefs must reach confirmation of the heart, of knowledge and of the Two Weighty Things in order to gain legitimacy and be documented.

🌹Every pleasant inner feeling about what one has found is not a sign of its acceptability and legitimacy; our teachings must reach the confirmation of the Two Weighty Things, for often the adornment and enticement of Satan and the self lend a pleasing taste to our palate.

🔅🌼 Let us become familiar with the tools of the work of servitude 🌼🔅

🌹The tools of the work of servitude, the art of servitude, the completion of servitude

🔅🌼 Enjoining good through argument 🌼🔅

🌹Let us learn the enjoining of good and the forbidding of evil in a scholarly, reasoned, demonstrative and guiding manner. Let us enjoin good knowingly, forbid ignorance, and equip ourselves with proof and argument.

🌹Direct vision is a personal and inner matter; until it is transformed into scholarly proof it should not be presented to the public. It may be true and it may be false.

🌹Evidence, proof, and the methods of defence and reasoning used to dispel doubts and counter moral, religious, doctrinal, philosophical, mystical and theological attacks are essential to discussions of faith and religion.

🔅🌼I Am My Own Obstacle🌼🔅

🌹Self-importance distances us from knowledge and wisdom, while humility brings us closer to them.

🌹The more we say “I, I,” admire and worship ourselves, and become narcissistic, the farther we drift from truth, knowledge and wisdom—perhaps even allowing ignorance to take their place.

🌹It is only aboard the vessel of humility that we can reach knowledge and wisdom.

🔅🌼Knowledge, Limited and Confined🌼🔅

🌹Personal certainty, like a dream, is no proof for anyone else; it belongs to the person who experiences it. Even that person must verify their certainty and test whether it is true or false.

🌹Certainty founded on sound evidence and reliable documentation becomes an affirmed principle and rule.

🌹Lack of understanding leads to worshipping others and worshipping oneself.

🌹Beware of making remembrance of ourselves. Remembering God without knowing God is remembrance of oneself, not remembrance of God.

🌹Misunderstanding religion and being wrongly religious are worse than having no religion; having false knowledge is worse than having no knowledge.

🔅🌼How often a polytheist accuses a monotheist of polytheism🌼🔅

🌹Some polytheists do not understand that beginning lies within beginninglessness, and that divine knowledge and power encompass both. They hold a mistaken notion of infinity and finitude, imagining God as an infinity of magnitude.

🌹To imagine infinity in material terms is to imagine infinity as finite.

🌹If infinity exists, it exists with limits; existence is bounded by the limits of existence.

🌹Let us become familiar with the different kinds of limitation. If He does not limit something, it will have no limits.

🌹If there is no other, what are manifestations? If the other is nothing, then what is this “imagining nothing to exist”? And what is the one who imagines it?

🌹Can “nothingness” and “nonexistence” have the capacity to imagine?

🌹What standing do the proponents and opponents of the unity of being have? If all are He, then His opponents are He too—and He does not err.

🔅🌼The Secret of Infinity🌼🔅

🌹Infinity, too, is created by God. He transcends infinity. If He did not determine and delimit what He created, it would remain infinite.

🌹He set bounds to infinity, and infinity became finite.

🌹Infinity is one of His names, but He Himself transcends His names and infinity.

🌹Infinity is a thing free of limits.

🌹Infinity is the Creator’s continual will that there be no limits; finitude, in turn, is creation’s continual will that limits endure.

🌹For God, creating “finitude and infinity” is one and the same, since both depend solely on His will.

🌹“Infinity” is defined within creation, not in the act of creating, for the Creator’s singular will alone gives rise to infinity.

🌹God’s essence admits neither a “why” nor a “how.”

🌹Has He planted every finitude in the heart of infinity?!!!

🔅🌼The Divine Will Is the Greatest Mystery🌼🔅

🌹If He had not created death, life would continue forever within infinity.

🌹Infinity awaits His will: a command has been issued, and no further command has come from Him in response.

🌻🔆الملك : 2   الَّذي خَلَقَ الْمَوْتَ وَ الْحَياةَ لِيَبْلُوَكُمْ أَيُّكُمْ أَحْسَنُ عَمَلاً وَ هُوَ الْعَزيزُ الْغَفُورُ

🔆He is the One who created death and life to test which of you is best in deed; and He is the Almighty, the All-Forgiving.

🔅🌼 The finite is a mystery within the infinite 🌼🔅

🌹The infinite comes before the finite.

🌹God created the finite after the infinite; the finite and the infinite are only forms of His will, manifestations of His decree.

🌹If He did not set limits for His creation, it would accept no limits. The infinite is a divine act.

🌹At the heart of every finite thing lies the infinite.

🌹If He did not appoint a term, there would be no deadline or limit.

🌹For the Creator, the measure of finite creation is like the infinite.

🔅🌼What is the infinite? Something, or something other than something? 🌼🔅

🌹Can there be an infinite line, an infinite surface, or an infinite volume?!

🌹Define the infinite! Qualitative, bounded, definitional, and delimited infinites.

🌹Within a given domain, the infinite is like a limit: a line-infinite in the domain of lines, a surface-infinite in the domain of surfaces, and a volume-infinite in the domain of volumes.

🔅🌼Worship of volume🌼🔅

🌹Many people who consider themselves monotheists—God forbid—imagine God as a volume that fills everything, leaving no room for anything else. The god of this group is, in reality, an infinite volume. God forbid; exalted is He far above such notions.

🌹To imagine God as a volume, and to suppose that lines and surfaces derive from that same volume, is an image of the worldview of those who believe in the unity of existence. In effect, it is to imagine creation as the Creator.

🔅🌼The idolater who mistakes idolatry for monotheism🌼🔅

🌹The idolater who mistakes idolatry for monotheism is afflicted with the delusion that makes idolatry seem beautiful.

🌹Examples of idolatry include conceiving of God in terms of volume, time, or existence.

🌹When people say that God fills existence (all that is), leaving no room for anything else, this is to imagine God in terms of space, place, volume, and dimension. God forbid; exalted is He above such notions.

🔅🌼For whom is the manifestation?🌼🔅

🌹God is the one who brings existence into being.

🌹If we regard the universe as manifestations of the Real and suppose, in contrast, that anything other than God is nothing, then what is this manifestation for, and for whom? Is this self-disclosure for God Himself, or for someone other than God?!!!

🔅🌼Beyond being is what lies beyond being🌼🔅

🌹Regarding the claim that “being has no opposite, and nonbeing cannot stand opposite being, because nonbeing is nothing; therefore, there is nothing but being,” we must say: “It is true that nonbeing cannot stand opposite being. But could there not be something beyond being?”

🌹The example of “time” makes the point clearer. “Non-time” cannot stand opposite “time,” but something beyond time may exist. Time was not created within time, for if time were contained within time, time’s very status as time would be undermined. In the same way, being did not come into being within being. The same applies to place: place could not have come into being within place. Though the placeless has no external existence opposite place, something beyond place may exist.

🔅🌼The incomparable God created the infinite 🌼🔅

🌷🔆 عَنْ أَبِي عَبْدِ اللَّهِ ع قَالَ:- إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى خَلَقَ‏ اسْماً بِالْحُرُوفِ غَيْرَ مُتَصَوِّتٍ وَ بِاللَّفْظِ غَيْرَ مُنْطَقٍ وَ بِالشَّخْصِ غَيْرَ مُجَسَّدٍ وَ بِالتَّشْبِيهِ غَيْرَ مَوْصُوفٍ وَ بِاللَّوْنِ غَيْرَ مَصْبُوغٍ مَنْفِيٌّ عَنْهُ الْأَقْطَارُ مُبَعَّدٌ عَنْهُ الْحُدُودُ مَحْجُوبٌ عَنْهُ حِسُّ كُلِّ مُتَوَهِّمٍ مُسْتَتِرٌ  غَيْرُ مَسْتُورٍ فَجَعَلَهُ كَلِمَةً تَامَّةً عَلَى أَرْبَعَةِ أَجْزَاءٍ مَعاً لَيْسَ مِنْهَا وَاحِدٌ قَبْلَ الْآخَرِ فَأَظْهَرَ مِنْهَا ثَلَاثَةَ أَسْمَاءٍ لِفَاقَةِ الْخَلْقِ إِلَيْهَا وَ حَجَبَ مِنْهَا وَاحِداً وَ هُوَ الِاسْمُ الْمَكْنُونُ الْمَخْزُونُ فَهَذِهِ الْأَسْمَاءُ الَّتِي ظَهَرَتْ فَالظَّاهِرُ هُوَ اللَّهُ تَبَارَكَ وَ تَعَالَى وَ سَخَّرَ سُبْحَانَهُ لِكُلِّ اسْمٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْأَسْمَاءِ أَرْبَعَةَ أَرْكَانٍ فَذَلِكَ اثْنَا عَشَرَ رُكْناً ثُمَّ خَلَقَ لِكُلِّ رُكْنٍ مِنْهَا ثَلَاثِينَ اسْماً فِعْلًا مَنْسُوباً إِلَيْهَا فَهُوَ الرَّحْمنُ‏ الرَّحِيمُ‏ الْمَلِكُ‏ الْقُدُّوسُ‏ الْخالِقُ‏ الْبارِئُ‏ الْمُصَوِّرُ الْحَيُّ الْقَيُّومُ‏ لا تَأْخُذُهُ سِنَةٌ وَ لا نَوْمٌ‏ الْعَلِيمُ‏ الْخَبِيرُ السَّمِيعُ‏ الْبَصِيرُ الْحَكِيمُ‏ الْعَزِيزُ الْجَبَّارُ الْمُتَكَبِّرُ الْعَلِيُ‏ الْعَظِيمُ‏ الْمُقْتَدِرُ الْقَادِرُ السَّلامُ‏ الْمُؤْمِنُ‏ الْمُهَيْمِنُ‏ الْبَارِئُ الْمُنْشِئُ الْبَدِيعُ الرَّفِيعُ الْجَلِيلُ الْكَرِيمُ الرَّازِقُ الْمُحْيِي الْمُمِيتُ الْبَاعِثُ الْوَارِثُ فَهَذِهِ الْأَسْمَاءُ  وَ مَا كَانَ مِنَ الْأَسْمَاءِ الْحُسْنَى حَتَّى تَتِمَّ ثَلَاثَ مِائَةٍ وَ سِتِّينَ اسْماً فَهِيَ نِسْبَةٌ لِهَذِهِ الْأَسْمَاءِ الثَّلَاثَةِ وَ هَذِهِ الْأَسْمَاءُ الثَّلَاثَةُ أَرْكَانٌ وَ حَجَبَ الِاسْمَ الْوَاحِدَ الْمَكْنُونَ الْمَخْزُونَ بِهَذِهِ الْأَسْمَاءِ الثَّلَاثَةِ وَ ذَلِكَ قَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى- قُلِ ادْعُوا اللَّهَ أَوِ ادْعُوا الرَّحْمنَ أَيًّا ما تَدْعُوا فَلَهُ الْأَسْماءُ الْحُسْنى‏[1]

🌷🔆Imam al-Sadiq (AS) said: “Truly, God, the Blessed and Exalted, created a Name with these attributes:

1. Its sound has no letters.

2. It cannot be spoken by the tongue.

3. It has no personhood in any body or form.

4. It bears absolutely no resemblance to anything.

5. It has no color.

6. It is neither here nor there, and has no limit or end.

7. It is beyond the perception of every keen-sighted imagination.

8. It is veiled, yet not hidden.

He made this Name a perfect word, formed from four parts that exist together. Of these, He brought three Names into manifestation for the needs of creation and veiled one. That one is the concealed, treasured Name. The outward aspect of the Names brought into manifestation is Allah, the Blessed and Exalted. For each of these three Names, God established four pillars, making twelve pillars in all; and for each pillar He established thirty Names attributed to it. They are: God, the Merciful, the Compassionate, the King, the Holy, the Creator, the Maker, the Fashioner, the Living, the Self-Subsisting, who is touched by neither drowsiness nor sleep, the All-Knowing, the All-Aware, the All-Hearing, the All-Seeing, the All-Wise, the Almighty, the Compeller, the Supremely Great, the Most High, the Magnificent, the All-Powerful, the Omnipotent, the Source of Peace, the Giver of Faith, the Guardian, [the Maker], the Originator, the Incomparable Creator, the Exalted, the Majestic, the Generous, the Provider, the Giver of life, the Causer of death, the Resurrector, and the Heir of the world. These Names, along with the other Most Beautiful Names, make up three hundred and sixty Names in all, and all are attributed to these three. These three Names are the pillars, and the concealed, treasured Name is hidden by means of the three Names that have been made manifest. This is the interpretation of God’s words (17:110): “Say: Call upon Allah, or call upon the All-Merciful; whichever you call upon, to Him belong the Most Beautiful Names.”[2]

🔅🌼 The Infinite Name: A Description 🌼🔅

🌹Knowing God through Names and signs is, in truth, the study of signs that directs one’s attention to God. His Essence, beyond description and comprehension, cannot be grasped through knowledge—and has no need to be found.

🌹To know God as prior to signs, beyond Names and beyond signs is the servant of God’s duty in the leap of worship.

🌹His Name admits of no limitation in any respect, and His Essence is beyond even limitlessness.

🌹What is seen, heard, sensed, or known points to limitation,

🌹His Name is infinite, while He Himself is beyond infinity, for He is the Creator of infinity.

🌹God Most High is too great to be described by infinity.

🌹His name is soundless, without voice; it is not confined to sound or to words, nor defined by a body. He takes no bodily form and resembles nothing, so that He might be described by comparison. He does not change and has no frequency. Limits are far removed from Him; He admits no limitation. He has no diameter or dimension, and is neither great nor small. He is imperceptible; no measure of any knower can reach Him, nor can any processor process Him. There is no observer who could observe Him.

🌹Names are commensurate with the measure and extent of poverty: as poverty expands, so do God’s regard and attention.

🌹The degree of worship is determined by the measure and rank of knowledge.

🔅🌼 It is He who grants me gnosis🌼🔅

🌹It is He who introduces me to “knowledge”—that is, to the “reality of knowledge.”

🌹God brings us to the intermediaries without an intermediary.

🌹The system of knowledge of God is the manifestation of that very supplication: «اللهم عرفنی نفسک».

🌹The station of the self returns to the station before existence, signs, and names.

🌹“Knowing God through the self”—«اللهم عرفنی نفسک»—means knowing God “before the Divine Names.”

🔅🌼 The ranks and degrees of knowledge🌼🔅

🌹Let us find our place in the tree of the Most Beautiful Names: from which leaf and fruit of this tree do we draw our nourishment?!

🌹Let us discern our degree of knowledge: at which level do we stand? At the level of a name; before the Names; before that single Name which is the Mother of the Divine Names; at the level of four of its parts; or at the hidden, treasured part, or at the three manifest parts.

🌹Knowledge of that single Name, the Mother of the Names, is knowledge of the station of the Mother of the Names and of the summit of the Divine signs.

🌹Knowledge of the hidden, treasured Name is knowledge of the depths of the treasuries of the Divine signs.

🌹Knowledge of the Names brought into manifestation is knowledge of the Divine Names unfolded, the blossoms of the Divine Names and their fruits.

🌹The Most Beautiful Names are the fruits of the three outward parts of the Divine Names. The Name from which beauty and goodness proceed must surely have its own source beyond beauty.

🌹Knowledge of the signs, shadows, and tokens is the reading of His script; it is knowledge of His recitations, knowledge of His Names …

🌹We may call the “self” the creation before the Name: it is not a name, yet it is the mother of the Names, their origin and root, before signs and names.

🌹We must call «اللهم عرفنی نفسک» the station of creation before «اسم الله»; its belovedness, place, and rank with God are indescribable, and it is the highest.

🔅🌼 بِاسْمِكَ الْأَكْبَرِ الَّذِي سَمَّيْتَ بِهِ نَفْسَكَ 🌼🔅

🌷🔆 اللَّهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ أَسْأَلُكَ بِاسْمِكَ الَّذِي هُوَ نُورٌ مِنْ نُورٍ وَ نُورٌ فَوْقَ كُلِّ نُورٍ وَ نُورٌ تُضِي‏ءُ بِهِ كُلَّ ظُلْمَةٍ وَ تَكْسِرُ بِهِ قُوَّةَ كُلِّ شَيْطَانٍ مَرِيدٍ وَ جَبَّارٍ عَنِيدٍ وَ جِنِّيٍّ عَتِيدٍ وَ تُؤْمِنُ بِهِ خَوْفَ كُلِّ خَائِفٍ وَ تُبْطِلُ بِهِ سِحْرَ كُلِّ سَاحِرٍ وَ حَسَدَ كُلِّ حَاسِدٍ وَ يَتَضَرَّعُ لِعَظَمَتِهِ الْبَرُّ وَ الْفَاجِرُ وَ بِاسْمِكَ الْأَكْبَرِ الَّذِي سَمَّيْتَ بِهِ نَفْسَكَ‏ وَ اسْتَوَيْتَ بِهِ عَلَى‏ عَرْشِكَ وَ اسْتَقْرَرْتَ بِهِ عَلَى كُرْسِيِّكَ أَنْ تُصَلِّيَ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ أَنْ تُفَتِّحَ لِيَ اللَّيْلَةَ يَا رَبِّ بَابَ كُلِّ خَيْرٍ فَتَحْتَهُ لِأَحَدٍ مِنْ خَلْقِكَ وَ أَوْلِيَائِكَ وَ أَهْلِ طَاعَتِكَ ثُمَّ لَا تَسُدَّهُ عَنِّي أَبَداً حَتَّى أَلْقَاكَ وَ أَنْتَ عَنِّي رَاضٍ أَسْأَلُكَ ذَلِكَ بِرَحْمَتِكَ وَ أَرْغَبُ إِلَيْكَ فِيهِ بِقُدْرَتِك‏[3]

🔅🌼 بِاسْمِكَ الْمَخْزُونِ الْمَكْنُونِ فِي نَفْسِكَ‏ الَّذِي لَا يُرَامُ وَ لَا يُنَالُ 🌼🔅

🌷🔆 اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ بِاسْمِكَ الْعَظِيمِ الْمُتَرَحِّمِ بِهِ يَا مُتَمَلِّكاً بِالْمُلْكِ الْمُتَعَالِي الْمُقْتَدِرِ الْبُرْهَانِ الْعَزِيزِ الْمُتَعَزِّزِ الرَّحْمَنِ‏  الَّذِي بِهِ تَقُومُ السَّمَاوَاتُ وَ الْأَرْضُ جَمِيعاً وَ بِاسْمِكَ الْمَخْزُونِ الْمَكْنُونِ فِي نَفْسِكَ‏ الَّذِي لَا يُرَامُ وَ لَا يُنَالُ وَ بِاسْمِكَ الْأَعَزِّ الْأَكْرَمِ الْأَجَلِّ الْأَعْظَمِ الْمُصْطَفَى وَ ذِكْرِكَ الْأَعْلَى وَ كَلِمَاتِكَ التَّامَّةِ وَ بِأَسْمَائِكَ الْحُسْنَى كُلِّهَا الَّتِي إِذَا دُعِيتَ بِهَا أَجَبْتَ وَ إِذَا سُئِلْتَ بِهَا أَعْطَيْتَ‏  وَ إِذَا سَمَّيْتَ بِهَا رَضِيتَ أَنْ تُصَلِّيَ عَلَى مُحَمَّدٍ وَ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَ أَنْ تَقْسِمَ لِي الْيَوْمَ سَهْماً وَافِياً وَ نَصِيباً جَزِيلًا مِنْ كُلِّ خَيْرٍ يَنْزِلُ‏  مِنَ السَّمَاءِ إِلَى الْأَرْضِ فِي هَذَا الْيَوْمِ وَ فِي هَذَا الشَّهْرِ وَ فِي هَذِهِ السَّنَة[4]

🔅🌼 كَيْنُوناً كَائِناً مُكَوِّناً كَمَا سَمَّيْتَ نَفْسَكَ 🌼🔅

🌷🔆 بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمنِ الرَّحِيمِ‏ سُبْحَانَكَ رَبَّنَا وَ لَكَ الْحَمْدُ أَنْتَ اللَّهُ الْقَائِمُ عَلَى عَرْشِكَ أَبَداً أَحَاطَ بَصَرُكَ بِجَمِيعِ الْخَلْقِ‏  وَ الْخَلْقُ كُلُّهُمْ عَلَى الْفَنَاءِ وَ أَنْتَ الْبَاقِي الْكَرِيمُ الْقَائِمُ الدَّائِمُ بَعْدَ فَنَاءِ كُلِ‏ شَيْ‏ءٍ  الْحَيُ‏ الَّذِي لا يَمُوتُ‏ بِيَدِكَ مَلَكُوتُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَ الْأَرْضِ وَ دَهْرُ الدَّاهِرِينَ أَنْتَ الَّذِي قَصَمْتَ بِعِزَّتِكَ الْجَبَّارِينَ وَ أَضَفْتَ فِي قَبْضَتِكَ الْأَرَضِينَ وَ أَغْشَيْتَ بِضَوْءِ نُورِكَ النَّاظِرِينَ وَ أَشْبَعْتَ بِفَضْلِ رِزْقِكَ الْآكِلِينَ وَ عَلَوْتَ بِعَرْشِكَ عَلَى الْعَالَمِينَ وَ أَعْمَرْتَ سَمَاوَاتِكَ بِالْمَلَائِكَةِ الْمُقَرَّبِينَ وَ عَلَّمْتَ تَسْبِيحَكَ الْأَوَّلِينَ وَ الْآخِرِينَ وَ انْقَادَتْ لَكَ الدُّنْيَا وَ الْآخِرَةُ بِأَزِمَّتِهَا وَ حَفِظْتَ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَ الْأَرَضِينَ‏  بِمَقَالِيدِهَا وَ أَذْعَنَتْ لَكَ بِالطَّاعَةِ وَ مَنْ فَوْقَهَا وَ أَبَتْ حَمْلَ الْأَمَانَةِ مِنْ شَفَقَتِهَا وَ قَامَتْ بِكَلِمَاتِكَ فِي قَرَارِهَا وَ اسْتَقَامَ الْبَحْرَانِ مَكَانَهُمَا وَ اخْتَلَفَ اللَّيْلُ وَ النَّهَارُ كَمَا أَمَرْتَهُمَا وَ أَحْصَيْتَ كُلَّ شَيْ‏ءٍ مِنْهُمَا عَدَداً وَ أَحَطْتَ بِهِمَا عِلْماً خَالِقَ الْخَلْقِ وَ مُصْطَفِيَهُ وَ مُهَيْمِنَهُ وَ مُنْشِئَهُ وَ بَارِئَهُ وَ ذَارِئَهُ أَنْتَ كُنْتَ وَحْدَكَ لَا شَرِيكَ لَكَ إِلَهاً وَاحِداً وَ كَانَ عَرْشُكَ عَلَى الْمَاءِ مِنْ قَبْلِ أَنْ تَكُونَ أَرْضٌ وَ لَا سَمَاءٌ أَوْ شَيْ‏ءٌ مِمَّا خَلَقْتَ فِيهَا بِعِزَّتِكَ كُنْتَ تُدْعَى قَدِيماً بَدِيعاً مُبْتَدِعاً كَيْنُوناً كَائِناً مُكَوِّناً كَمَا سَمَّيْتَ نَفْسَكَ‏ ابْتَدَعْتَ الْخَلْقَ بِعَظَمَتِكَ وَ دَبَّرْتَ أُمُورَهُمْ بِعِلْمِكَ فَكَانَ عَظِيمُ مَا ابْتَدَعْتَ مِنْ خَلْقِكَ وَ قَدَرْتَ عَلَيْهِ مِنْ أَمْرِكَ عَلَيْكَ هَيِّناً يَسِيراً لَمْ يَكُنْ لَكَ ظَهِيرٌ عَلَى خَلْقِكَ وَ لَا مُعِينٌ عَلَى حِفْظِكَ وَ لَا شَرِيكٌ لَكَ فِي مُلْكِكَ وَ كُنْتَ رَبَّنَا تَبَارَكَتْ أَسْمَاؤُكَ وَ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُكَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ عَلِيّاً غَنِيّاً فَإِنَّمَا أَمْرُكَ لِشَيْ‏ءٍ إِذَا أَرَدْتَهُ أَنْ تَقُولَ‏ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ‏ لَا يُخَالِفُ شَيْ‏ءٌ مِنْهُ مَحَبَّتَكَ فَسُبْحَانَكَ وَ بِحَمْدِكَ وَ تَبَارَكْتَ رَبَّنَا وَ جَلَّ ثَنَاؤُكَ وَ تَعَالَيْتَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ عُلُوّاً كَبِيراً[5]

🌼Ali Sa‘i (Abdullah Meshkat) 110.141(903)🌼

🔅🌼 Reflections on the Mystery of Infinity 🌼🔅

### 🙏 Obedience and Devotion 

O God, devote me wholly to obeying You. Make me wholly Yours, so that I may wear away and disappear only in the path of obedience and devotion to You.

### 💖 Becoming Whole in Your Path 

I want to give myself entirely to You, but I cannot. Bring me to completion for Your sake, O God; spend my whole being in Your cause until I am spent and reduced to nothing. Let my entire being be reduced to nothing in Your service and worship.

### ⚔️ Struggling Against Satan 

My God, if I am not devoted to You, I will be devoted to Satan. If I am not spent in Your service, Satan will make me serve his ends. Turn me into a field of Your oneness, so that I may become the most glorious expression of worship and servitude to You. Let me not become a field of idolatry, for then I will become a pleasure garden for Satan, his garden and orchard; Satan will graze upon me. My very being will taste good to Satan, and he will never let go of me. I will become Satan’s craft. My God, put idolatry to death within me, and bring me to life through Your oneness.

### ✨ The Taking of the Soul and Return to You 

My God, when I stray from the path of Your oneness, take my soul. I beseech You by Your greatness and oneness: when I veer from the road of Your oneness, take my soul before I fall into the whirlpool of idolatry or infect another with its darkness through me.

### 🧠 Overcoming Satan’s Ignorant Cunning 

Let us know that Satan is at the height of ignorance, and has called upon all its forces and troops to destroy humankind, and to destroy the worship and service of God. To overcome the cunning born of satanic ignorance, we must arm ourselves with the clear, radiant intelligence of reason. Until we possess rational intelligence, we will not prevail over Satan’s ignorant cunning. Satan is no child, though he pretends to be one to dupe me and reduce me to childishness. This is the same Satan who has laid elephants low—how many backs has he not brought down to the ground and into humiliation?

### 💥 The Nuclear Energy of Ignorance and the End Times 

In this end-times age, Satan has marshalled all its power to unleash the nuclear energy of ignorance and make one final effort to destroy the worship and service of God. Satanic nuclear energy is being released and activated. This is an age of satanic nuclear deception: Satan’s full force has been deployed to overcome humanity, and its effects are now becoming clear. Satan is merciless. If it showed no mercy to itself, will it show mercy to human beings? Without doubt, it will prove itself utterly merciless toward them. Satan has sworn to bring humankind to the dust of humiliation and destruction. Satan destroyed its own virtues and brought its worship to ruin; will it not set the human field ablaze as well? Satan’s harshest revenge is to lead people away from the path of divine oneness. If it extinguishes the lamp of oneness in a person’s heart, its work is done.

### 🔥 Satan’s Deception and Mercilessness 

Satan has deceived itself; why would it not deceive us, or stop trying to? Satan despises its own followers, let alone its enemies. It has turned all its strength against the faithful, seeking to destroy them and drive them from the sanctuary of faith. This is the same Satan that says to its followers, “I disown you”; it hates even those who have served it well. How much more so the faithful, whose destruction it pursues day and night, at every moment.

### 💀 Harsh Deaths and Satan’s Torment 

At the height of its mercilessness, Satan devises agonising deaths for human beings. It wants to torture them, patiently bringing them to ruin bit by bit, so that it can feel the pleasure of revenge within itself. Perhaps Satan uses its honeyed tongue to steer a person toward sin. Sometimes it advances in great leaps; at other times, by nanometres, until it brings a person to the depths of misery.

### 🧠 Guarding Our Beliefs Against Satan’s Inroads 

Let us guard against Satan’s encroachment upon our beliefs. Let us not become a tempting morsel for Satan. Whoever makes themselves conspicuous before those outside their family circle is making themselves alluring to sinners and, in truth, becoming Satan’s prey. Instead of devoting themselves to God, they devote themselves to Satan. Let us not be deceived by them. They are thieves of beauty and wealth.

### 🛡 Equip Ourselves with the Means of Worship 

Let us equip ourselves with the means of worship so that we may make Satan despair of us. Yes, to give ourselves in obedience and joyful devotion to God, we must equip ourselves with knowledge of God. We must learn all the branches of divine knowledge; we must move from immediate knowledge to the interpretation and exegesis of that knowledge.

### 📚 The Threefold Knowledge 

We have come to the threefold knowledge: 

اللهم عرفنی نفسک، اللهم عرفنی نبیک، اللهم عرفنی ججتک. 

If we fail to attain this knowledge, we will be the first and last to lose out in worshipping and serving God. Our rank as servants will be determined by the measure of our knowledge. We must find our place in the divine tree.

### ⚠️ The danger of ignorance and false understanding 

One who worships God without knowledge worships as though committing a sin. 

One who recites the Qur’an without knowledge insults the Qur’an. 

One who prays without knowledge does not seek God. Perhaps they are calling upon themselves or others.

Ignorance is dangerous; worse than ignorance is false understanding. 

If we fall into it, we will make ignorance look virtuous. The ultimate form of ignorance is to abandon worship; the first step in false understanding is to turn worship into idolatry—to regard idolatry as monotheism. 

So let us understand: 

Irreligion is better than false religion; false religion is worse than irreligion. 

Not understanding is better than misunderstanding. 

### 💔 Religion’s mortal affliction: false understanding 

A distorted understanding of religion is its pain and its killer. 

One who misunderstands yet thinks they understand well is the most profoundly ignorant of the ignorant. 

Until we descend from the accursed tree of ignorance, we will not ascend the blessed tree of knowledge.

### 📖 The path to knowledge 

Anyone who seeks knowledge by a path other than the path of the Two Weighty Things will reach ignorance instead of knowledge, and mistake that very ignorance for knowledge.

Let us be watchful over ourselves and recognize idolatry, so that we may come to know monotheism. 

Until we recognize idolatry, we will not know monotheism. 

Let us discern knowledge from ignorance, and come to know both, lest we mistake ignorance for knowledge. 

If we fail to recognize them, we will know neither monotheism nor idolatry. We may even mistake monotheism for idolatry and idolatry for monotheism.

The blessed knowledge is knowledge of divine unity. Mere semblance of knowledge cannot lead us to the worship of God. 

Mere semblance of idolatry cannot make one disobey God. The worst kind of disobedience comes from the idolater. 

For an idolater, disobedience is the gravest of sins. 

What can we do to keep from entering this whirlpool and swamp of idolatry, and from being tainted by ignorance? The way is to cling to God’s grace and generosity. 

If we cannot manage it ourselves, let us turn to the One who is able, and reach with His help the knowledge that brings us to the truth. Let us ask Him for our destination and aim—ask with all our hearts. Let us seek refuge in God from misunderstanding.

### 🌟 Calling upon the One God for help 

Let us seek help at the threshold of God, the One and Unique, against mistaking idolatry for monotheism. Let us cling to God, lest we fall into misunderstanding. Superficial understanding is a mortal affliction for knowledge and wisdom. A merely “letter-by-letter” understanding breeds pride. The idolater is the most ignorant of the ignorant. Ignorance compounded is among the gravest sins a person can fall into.

### 🔑 True monotheism and the affirmation of innate nature 

The monotheism we speak of must be affirmed by our innate nature. And innate nature, in turn, must be affirmed by the Two Weighty Things. Without them, discerning innate nature is impossible. Let us test our certainty and seek affirmation of our beliefs through innate nature and the Two Weighty Things. Until our beliefs are grounded in evidence, they may bring about ruin, like a medicine injected into someone else’s body.

### 📜 Legitimacy and evidence for beliefs 

It must have a sound basis in authority. A pleasant feeling arising from one’s own discoveries is no proof that they are accepted or legitimate. They must be affirmed by the Two Weighty Things. Perhaps it is merely an embellishment from Satan and the self. So let us not grade ourselves; instead, let us equip ourselves to enjoin what is right through knowledge and sound reasoning, so that our enjoining is guiding and substantiated. We must equip ourselves with evidence and proof.

### 👁 Inner Witnessing and Its Confirmation 

Inner witnessing is personal. It concerns me alone. Before it can be communicated outwardly, it must be confirmed. This inner witnessing may be true or false. How do I know whether my witnessing or discovery is true? It may well be false. I should turn to God for help and seek confirmation of my discoveries from God’s authority—the Two Weighty Things.

### 🧠 Self-Absorption and Its Dangers 

A person’s ego distances them from knowledge and wisdom. The more we say “I, I, I,” the more we admire ourselves—in other words, the more we worship ourselves. I am self-infatuated, tainted by ignorance, far from knowledge, and unaware of it. So I must board the Ark to find the truth. I must not confine my understanding within narrow limits.

### 💤 Personal Certainty and Its Authority 

Personal certainty, like a dream, carries no authority for others. Even the person who experiences it should question it. They should weigh and test its truth or falsehood against the Two Weighty Things.

### ⚖️ Knowledge and Its Effect on Worship 

Lack of knowledge, or false understanding, leads to worshipping others or worshipping oneself. A polytheist may even accuse a monotheist of polytheism. To imagine God’s Essence as infinite is to fall into a perceptual and structural error: it is to overlook that He is beyond infinity.

### 🌌 The Finite and the Infinite in God’s Creation 

The first and last word is this: both the finite and the infinite are created by God. Let us not rush; let us be patient. How is it that God created the finite and also determined its limits? 

If God did not set limits for a created thing, it would accept no limits. If God did not create death, life would continue. 

God created both the finite and the infinite, but God Himself can be described neither as finite nor as infinite.

### ⚡️ The Extent of the Infinite Before God 

The finite’s claim to magnitude is obvious. But the infinite, too, has no extent before God. The extent of this infinite is nothing but God’s will. That is all: God created the infinite.

### 🌀 The Creation of the Infinite by God’s Will 

How? Without a how, through His will alone. He willed it, and the infinite came into being. 

God created a name without its becoming a sound; it was soundless. The name He created was without sound, not confined to any sound. It had no sound.

### 🔇 The Absence of Sound and the Name’s Limitlessness 

The absence of sound showed that the name was limitless, not limited. Sound signifies limitation, not limitlessness. God created that name without its becoming a sound. 

It did not take verbal form or become speech. That is, the name was not confined to words. It had no verbal or sonic limits; it was unembodied, took no body, and could not be embodied. 

Whatever takes on a body becomes corporeal, assumes form, becomes embodied—that is, it becomes limited. His name was unembodied and would accept no bodily limitation.

### 🌟 God’s Name Beyond Resemblance and Description 

That name could not be described by any comparison. It was beyond being likened to anything; it resembled nothing. There was nothing like it. Resemblance and likeness were foreign to that name. 

That name was mingled with no colour; no frequency could alter it. It was without frequency, without motion, and underwent no change by which it might take on colour. The capacity to take on colour signifies motion and limitation. It is limitation that gives colour its form. That name had no limitation of motion; it was not confined to movement. It had no length or breadth, nor any frequency. It did not oscillate or vibrate. That name was non-vibratory.

### 🔒 The Boundlessness and Infinity of God’s Name 

The drops belonged to that negative name; it could not be measured in drops. It had no length, no width, no dimension. It knew neither smallness nor greatness. Limits were far removed from that name. 

That name had no bounds or limits. It was boundless, infinite! 

How can this be? Its creator is beyond description. He has the power to create, even things we cannot comprehend. 

### 🕊 Describing God and the Infinite Name 

Whoever describes God as infinite turns God into His name. This infinity is God’s name, not God Himself. God transcends these descriptions. He is exalted beyond our understanding.

Of that name—not of the Essence—every sense capable of imagining was veiled. The imagining sense cannot perceive it. That name was and remains imperceptible; it cannot be confined to any name. It was concealed without being covered, behind a veil. 

No measure of knowledge can reach it; no processor can process it, and no observer can see it. This does not mean it is absent; it means it cannot be sensed or comprehended.

### 🔍 The Manifestation of Three Names from the Four Parts 

That name, then, was a complete word resting upon four parts. The four parts existed together, joined to one another. None came before the others. They were intertwined. How? I do not know. 

From those four parts, three parts of the name became manifest, because creatures needed those names. 

### 🌿 Poverty and Divine Richness 

What a remarkable secret! It is poverty that brings forth richness. The poorer we become, the richer we are. This is a blessed poverty: poverty before God. The poorer I become in my turning toward God, the more the divine names will open themselves to me. 

Three of the four parts were made manifest to creatures, while one remained veiled. That one was God’s hidden name.

### 📜 Knowing God and the Blessed Hadith 

I leave the rest of the hadith to you. God willing, recite this blessed hadith so that we may understand the limits of our own station. Where do I stand in knowing God? 

When I say, “اللهم عرفنی نفسک”, I am asking to know God. I want to attain knowledge of God, beyond the names of Allah. This is what “اللهم عرفنی نفسک” means.

### 🌳 Finding Our Place in the Tree of God’s Beautiful Names 

Let us discern our place in this tree of God’s Beautiful Names. Which leaf, fruit, or view of this tree do we draw upon? How far have we entered into the knowledge of God? Are we still lost at the very first signs? 

The first sign is infinity. Infinity is not God, but a sign of God. To know God directly, then, is to find Him without being confined by any limits—to become perceived by Him, acted upon by Him, known by Him, and beloved by Him. 

All that we are is a matter of “becoming,” and nothing other than becoming. I am apprehended by Him. This is enough to mark the summit of knowledge and gnosis. This is the very secret of “اللهم عرفنی نفسک”. The faculty of gnosis is itself a manifestation of “اللهم عرفنی نفسک”.

### 🌀 The Station of Self-Knowledge and Its Place 

The self being spoken of here belongs to what precedes existence and the names. Let us discern our own station of knowledge. Where does my knowledge stand? 

Can I grasp the knowledge of that single name? Do I speak, loosely, of the Mother of the Divine Names? Or, among those four intertwined parts, can I perceive the sign that accepts no limits? 

Until I free myself from limits, how can I reach an understanding of the limitless?

### 🌌 The Manifestation and Hidden Realities of the Divine Names 

When we speak of the divine Names and Attributes, we mean the Names as they have come into manifestation. But where are God’s hidden Names? These Names cannot be confined to any place! 

Unless I pass beyond these manifest Names, I will never reach those hidden and treasured realities. Thus, the beginning lies in beginninglessness, and the end in endlessness. To imagine the infinite as material is to imagine the infinite as having an end. 

If the infinite existed, it would have to be confined to that very existence. Would it not? Would it have the limitation of existence? Can I confine my Creator to existence? I cannot! God brought existence into being; by virtue of His divinity, He brought bounds within bounds.

### 🔄 Infinity and the Will of God 

Infinity is created by God, and He is beyond infinity. If He did not determine His creation and set limits to it, it would have no end and no limits. It is He who sets bounds to infinity, turning it into something finite. Just as He did with that single Name: He issued another decree by His will, and infinity became finite. 

Only one of His Names is infinite; He Himself is beyond infinity. This infinity is something free of bounds. Infinity is the will of God. God’s continuous will that it remain without limit—and, likewise, His continuous will that bounds endure—constitutes its end.

### 🌱 The Creation of the Finite and the Infinite 

For God, creating the finite and the infinite is the same, for the Creator’s single act of will is what leads to infinity. God’s Essence admits neither why nor how. Is He, within every finite thing, filled with infinities? How could infinity exist within every finite thing? 

And yet He has done it. That one, incomparable Maker and Creator has made this impossibility possible. The greatest mystery we must seek is the will of God. God’s will is the greatest mystery.

### 🌀 God’s Will and Infinity 

Infinity awaits His will. Until a command is issued, nothing changes. Once a command has been issued, no other command is issued in response to it. Until another command is issued, the previous one remains in force. 

This infinity precedes the finite. God created the finite after the infinite. That is how things appear. The finite and the infinite are merely two forms of His will, a vision of God’s decree. If He does not set limits for His creation, it will accept no limits. If He sets no appointed term, there will be no deadline or constraint.

### 🌍 For the Creator, the Weight of the Infinite and the Finite Is the Same 

For the Creator, the weight of the infinite and the finite is the same. Worship of volume is forbidden. 

Many people, perhaps, imagine God as a volume: a body that fills everything and leaves no space. Such mistaken ideas become a scourge upon tawhid. 

The God of this conception is, in reality, a physical infinity! God forbid, to imagine God as a volume and created beings as its limits and surface is to conceive of Him in this way. Could there be a greater form of shirk? In truth, it is the Creator imagined as a creature.

### 🚫 Spatial Shirk and the Sickness of Deceptive Justification 

It is a false notion that God encompasses everything; rather, it is His Name, knowledge and power that encompass everything. God Himself is beyond these. 

He is described neither by knowledge nor by power, for He is higher and beyond them. 

Whoever commits shirk while imagining it to be tawhid is afflicted with the sickness of deceptive justification. One clear instance of shirk is to conceive of God as having spatial volume. 

Whoever says that God fills existence and leaves no room for anything else is imagining God as a volume—God forbid. 

🌼Ali Saei (Abdullah Meshkat) 110.141 (903)🌼

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[1] Al-Kāfī (Islamic edition), vol. 1, p. 112  Kulaynī, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, Tehran, 4th edition, 1407 AH.

[2]Uṣūl al-Kāfī / translated by Kamare’i, vol. 1, p. 325

[3] Miṣbāḥ al-Mutahajjid wa Silāḥ al-Mutaʿabbid, vol. 2, p. 430  Ṭūsī, Mu’assasat Fiqh al-Shīʿa, Beirut, 1st edition, 1411 AH.

[4] Miṣbāḥ al-Mutahajjid wa Silāḥ al-Mutaʿabbid, vol. 2, p. 446  Ṭūsī, Mu’assasat Fiqh al-Shīʿa, Beirut, 1st edition, 1411 AH.

[5] Miṣbāḥ al-Mutahajjid wa Silāḥ al-Mutaʿabbid, vol. 2, p. 450  Ṭūsī, Mu’assasat Fiqh al-Shīʿa, Beirut, 1st edition, 1411 AH.